The biological theories, which may explain Schizophrenia Essay

The biological theories, which may explain Schizophrenia - Essay Example These concern genetics, neurochemistry, brain structure and evolution. Biological factors of Schizophrenia can be explained using studies on twins and studies on family history. With twin studies, researchers want to establish the degree of concordance. This is the likelihood that if one twin has the disorder, the other twin will also have it. Gottesman (2000) summarised 40 twin studies and found that the concordance rate for MZ twins was 48% and the concordance rate for DZ twins was about 17%. Concordance rates were also studied by Cardano et al. (2001) using the Maudsley twin registers. They found concordance rates to be 40% for MZ twins and 17% for DZ twins. Although this is strong evidence for biological factors in Schizophrenia, concordance rates are not 100% and therefore there must be some environmental input. Loehlin and Nichols (2002) argued that the reason for the higher concordance rates in MZ rather than DZ twins was due to MZ twins being treated more similarly so producing a greater environmental similarity. However, there are two arguments against this view. MZ twins may produce more similar treatment from their parents than do DZ twins (Lytton, 2000). This therefore suggests that the higher biological similarity of MZ twins may be the cause, rather than the effect, of their more similar parental treatment. In addition, the Schizophrenia concordance rates for MZ twins who are brought up apart are similar to those of MZ twins who are brought up together (Sheilds, 2003). So presumably the high concordance rates of MZ's brought up apart is not due to environmental similarity. However, it has been suggested that some of the twins who had been brought up separately in Sheilds study had not always spent their whole childhood apart and some were raised by relatives and even went to the same school (e.g. Kamin, 2001). Family studies also aid to explain how biological factors influence Schizophrenia. Gottesman (2000) found that if you have a sibling with the disorder you have an 8% chance of being Schizophrenic, if you have one parent with the disorder you have a 16% chance of being Schizophrenic and if you have two parents with the disorder you have a 46% chance of being Schizophrenic. These concordance rates should all be compared to the 1% chance that a person randomly selected from the population would be Schizophrenic. Gottesman and Bertelsen (2001) also reported some convincing findings on the importance of genetics. The found that participants had a 17% chance of being Schizophrenic if they had a parent who was an identical twin and who had Schizophrenia. This could be due to heredity or environment. They also found that participants had a 17% chance of being Schizophrenic if they had a parent who was an identical twin and did not have Schizophrenia, but whose identical twin did. This therefore shows that the most important factor is genetics. The evidence reported by Gottesman is criticised because although it indicates that Schizophrenia runs in families and that concordance rates are much higher between relatives who have higher biological similarity, it does not account for the fact that family members who are more biologically similar are likely to spend more time together. This means that environmental factors are also indicated in this

The staff recruitment and selection policy of IKEA in China Essay

The staff recruitment and selection policy of IKEA in China - Essay Example The recruitment and selection policy of IKEA is value driven and espouses s teamwork, simplicity, communicative forthrightness and urgency. The core values of IKEA are employee empowerment, flexibility, dynamism and cost consciousness (Smith, 2010, p. 70). Advertising is the main means of design that IKEA uses to emphasize these values. Job at IKEA webpage is used to communicate the core value of the Chinese company. A cost effective campaign is carried out, which is used directly to harness the customer base of the business. IKEA wants to recruit about 8,000 people over the next five years. IKEA employees must have certain characteristics in order for them to be selected in the company. These characteristics are important compared to specific experiences and qualifications. The applicants must be down to earth; they must be well with other employees and must have a sense of humor (Bach & Edwards, 2013, p. 19).  IKEA wanted to attract the right candidate and through the spirit of advertising, they would attract a large number of applicants who were good at their work. The selection process involved bringing together twenty potential candidates who had some specifications that IKEA required that is education, experience, age and attitude. The group of twenty would be given a series of questions and a personal interview with the panel of the board of directors. After the selection process, the applicants will undergo training, which involves traditional classroom courses. Co-workers in the company are requested to master current jobs as well as seeking new opportunities hence, they are allowed to apply for new job opportunities in IKEA. Through the selection process, emphasis is put on the value fit as selection criteria. After the applicants have been selected, employees who have worked in the organization previously are requested to assist the new coworkers adjust in the company through mentorship (Rothacher, 2004, p.